The low output voltage level of the analog sensor and the long distance to the control room together constitute significant system design challenges. Here are clues on how to solve them. The 4-20 mA ...

Designers of instruments or control systems often find that component performance limits overall equipment performance in areas such as stability, frequency response, noise, and ESD. This is ...

To calculate the resistance of the series resistor required, we need to look at the current and voltage values recommended by the LED manufacturer. Suppose a manufacturer recommends a maximum voltage ...

What kinds of applications utilize precision resistor trimming? Obvious applications include setting operational-amplifier gain and offset and voltage regulator output (Fig. 1a and 1b). But there are ...